Category: Finance

If you are considering investing in stocks, the first thing you need to do is understand the different types of stocks and how they work. You can then make a more informed decision as to what the best investment option is for you. Start by checking out the following guide for beginner investors.

Common Stock

You can buy stocks in companies from a wide variety of sectors, from technology firms to casinos. You may like to invest in the latter if you enjoy playing games like roulette and blackjack at online sites like Kazoom Casino or in the former if you have a penchant for things like computers and machinery. But your investment choice needs to be based on the best financial option first and foremost. Before you begin looking at different sectors to invest in, you need to understand the different types of stocks that are available. The commonest form of stock that people invest in is aptly called common stock. It represents partial ownership in a company. As a shareholder, you can potentially have unlimited upside potential. However, there is a risk. If the company should fail without having any assets left over, you would lose everything. But if assets are left over, you would receive a proportional share of the remaining assets.

Preferred Stock

Investing in preferred stock works much like investing in common stock. The main difference is if the company should dissolve, as a preferred shareholder you have the right to receive dividend payments before common shareholders do.

Cap Stocks

Market capitalization involves stocks being categorized by the total worth of the shares. The companies that have the largest market capitalizations are called large-cap stocks. As companies get successively smaller, they are called mid-cap and small-cap stocks. Large-cap stocks are generally considered to be the safest investment. On the other hand, mid-cap and small-cap stocks are riskier but they have a greater capacity for future growth.

IPO Stock

IPO stocks are available in companies that have recently gone public via an initial public offering. IPOs always generate a lot of interest when the companies are creating a buzz and using a promising business model. But IPO stocks can also be volatile, especially if the investors disagree about the prospects for growth and profit. The very nature of IPOs means investors have to act early. A stock typically retains its IPO status for between one and two years, but it can be an IPO stock for as long as four years after it first goes public.

Growth Stock

Although growth stocks carry a higher risk level than many other stocks, their potential returns can be very attractive. Successful growth stocks have businesses that are on top of the rising demand among customers to identify long-term trends. There can be a lot of competition for growth stocks, though, and there is always the risk of a growth slowdown, which would make stock prices quickly fall.

Value Stock

Value stocks carry less risk than growth stocks, so they are seen as a more conservative investment option. You will typically find value stocks for experienced and well-known big companies that have little room for expansion because they are already market leaders and their business models have stood the test of time. If you are looking for more price stability, value stocks can be a good option.

Dividend Stock

You could choose a dividend stock, which means dividend payments are paid to shareholders on a regular basis. Choose the right stock, and your dividends could provide you with a valuable income. But due to that reason, they are highly sought-after. Furthermore, stocks are not required to pay dividends and non-dividend stocks can still be an excellent investment option.

Investing in the stock market is a great way to make an additional income and save for the future. Regardless of what you may have heard, playing the stock market is by no means a get-rich-quick scheme. It requires a lot of hard work and dedication. Some people opt to pay a broker to invest money on their behalf but if you really want to make a long-term pursuit of this venture, you’ll need to do the groundwork yourself. You’ll need to invest a lot of time reading about stocks and strategies, while keeping a constant eye on the market to spot the trends. 

While it might feel overwhelming, especially for novice investors at the start of their trading journey, there are now plenty of tools that have been developed to make trading that little bit easier. One such tool is a stock screener, which allows you to trade through available stocks and can be tailored according to your investment criteria. 

In this post, we’ll examine the main benefits of using a stock screener and how it can help you get your investment journey off on the right foot: 

It Saves Time

There are thousands of stocks listed on the market, which can make screening them a tedious task. You’ll need to study the financial history of each stock in detail to evaluate its performance over time as well as its prospects for the future. This is no straightforward task. Thankfully, stock screeners help narrow down your stock options by filtering stocks according to your investment objectives. Whether you are looking for stocks with a low-level P/E ratio or those that are undervalued, a good screener will help you find your options faster. 

It Can Prevent Emotional Decisions

A mistake that many investors make when playing the stock market is that they make decisions based on emotion rather than being driven by objective research. Emotionally based decisions are often illogical and can have a negative impact on your returns. Tools such as WallStreetZen’s stock screener eliminate investor biases that fuel bad decisions and filter stocks based on sound parameters. 

Helps You Discover New Investment Opportunities 

Even the most passionate investors can’t possibly know everything about stocks. This is because the market is extensive, and there are always new developments occurring, which can be challenging to keep track of. By trawling an extensive database of stocks to find those that meet an investor’s specific criteria, a good stock screener will draw your attention to new stocks that you may not have known about before. It may present the opportunity to invest in unpopular stocks with investment potential that may have been overlooked. 

Getting acquainted with the stock market isn’t easy. Not even the most experienced trader can always stay ahead of market trends. However, using tools such as stock screeners to your advantage will undoubtedly serve to make the whole process much more efficient. Spend some time finding yourself a reputable stock screener and learn to use it effectively to reap financial rewards on the stock market. 

• The contrast between the scarcity of investments in infrastructure and the excess of savings invested in liquid and low-return assets in the global economy must be dealt with.
• Greening infrastructure in emerging and developing economies would benefit from being able to attract greenbacks into the business.
• Development of pipelines of projects with homogeneous regulations and standards, as well as with minimum mismatch between risks and comfort of private investors to manage them will be needed.

First appeared at Policy Center for the New South (July 7, 2021)

The world faces a huge shortfall of infrastructure investment relative to its needs. With a few exceptions, such as China, this shortfall is greatest in emerging and developing countries.

The G20 Infrastructure Investors Dialogue estimated the volume of global infrastructure investment needed by 2040 to be $81 trillion, $53 trillion of which will be needed in non-advanced countries. The Dialogue projected a gap—in other words, a shortfall in relation to the investment needs foreseen today—of around $15 trillion globally, of which $10 trillion is in emerging economies (Figure 1, left panel). The World Bank has estimated that, for emerging and developing economies to reach the Millennium Development Goals set for 2030, their infrastructure investment would have to correspond to 4.5% of their annual GDPs (Figure 1, right panel).

In addition to the need for infrastructure investment, there is a need for that investment to be ‘greened’ as rapidly and extensively as possible, in order to minimize the negative impact in terms of increased global warming. For example, the energy sector must be decarbonized by expanding the use of renewable sources instead of coal. Increases in use efficiency, and the elimination of subsidies for the use of fossil fuels, would be part of this strategy.

Transport is now responsible for 25% of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions. This must be reduced by shifting transportation to low-carbon options, in addition to investments in energy-efficient equipment, and supporting the transition to electric vehicles and fleets.

A major part of the ‘greening’ will be in cities: improved water supply and sanitation services, changes in energy supply, waste recycling, and greater energy efficiency through better building standards and/or renovation of existing buildings. This transition, as for manufacturing and agricultural activities, will require investment in infrastructure.

A major obstacle holding back such investment is the lack of fiscal space, which is constraining public spending. This problem has been made worse by the fiscal packages adopted because of the pandemic. While the largest advanced economies can afford to increase their public debt, with a low risk they will face deteriorating financing conditions, this does not apply to most emerging economies, let alone low-income countries grappling with unsustainable debt trajectories (Figure 2).

Consequently, measures need to be taken to expand the options for private financing of infrastructure projects. Indeed, according to data from the Institute of International Finance, over the past 15 years, institutional investors with long time profiles in their assets, such as pension funds, have been gradually increasing their allocations to infrastructure investments and alternatives to fixed income instruments, equity, and other traditional instruments.

Stable and long-term returns from infrastructure projects dovetail well with the long-term commitments of those financial institutions, particularly in the context of declining long-term real interest rates on public and private bonds, as seen in recent decades in advanced countries. Surveys carried out by Preqin show fund managers already pointing to the decarbonization of energy as a factor in attracting private investment to infrastructure.

The biggest challenge is to build bridges between, on the one hand, infrastructure investment needs in non-advanced countries and, on the other, private sources of finance abundant in dollars and other convertible currencies with few opportunities to obtain returns compatible with their requirements on their liability side.

Building such bridges requires the completion of two tasks. First, the development of properly structured projects, with risks and returns in line with the preferences of the different types of financial intermediation, would help close the private financing gap in infrastructure.

Investors have different mandates and skills regarding the management of risks associated with types of projects, and phases of project investment cycles. They demand coverage of risks whose exposure is not adequate or permitted by regulation. The absence of complementary instruments or investors is one of the most frequently identified causes of failure in the financial completion of projects. Figure 3 provides a snapshot of the diversity of instruments and vehicles through which private finance can participate in infrastructure projects.

The constrained fiscal space in emerging and developing countries can be used to mainly cover such risks and enable the building up of investment, rather than replacing private investment: crowding-in private finance rather than crowding it out. National and multilateral development banks could prioritize this instead of financing total investments.

Identifying attractive investment opportunities for different types of investors and combining these perspectives more systematically around specific projects or asset pools is a promising way to fill the infrastructure financing gap. The planning and integrated issuance—with different time profiles—of fixed-income securities, bank loans, credit insurance, and others, for the different phases from project preparation to operation, make that combination possible.

The second task to boost private infrastructure investment in emerging and developing economies is the reduction of legal, regulatory, and political risks. Transparency and harmonization of rules and standards can increase the scale of comparable projects and make it possible to build project portfolios. Non-banking financial institutions often highlight the absence of large enough project portfolios as a disincentive deterring the setting up of business lines focused on the area. This is a particular weakness in the case of smaller countries.

The contrast between the scarcity of investments in infrastructure—particularly in non-advanced economies—and the excess of savings invested in liquid and low-yield assets in the global economy deserves to be confronted. Greening infrastructure in non-advanced economies would benefit from being able to attract greenbacks into the business.

Watch Bridging Private Finance and Green Infrastructure

Otaviano Canuto, based in Washington, D.C, is a senior fellow at the Policy Center for the New South, a nonresident senior fellow at Brookings Institution, a professorial lecturer of international affairs at the Elliott School of International Affairs – George Washington University, and principal at Center for Macroeconomics and Development. He is a former vice-president and a former executive director at the World Bank, a former executive director at the International Monetary Fund and a former vice-president at the Inter-American Development Bank. He is also a former deputy minister for international affairs at Brazil’s Ministry of Finance and a former professor of economics at University of São Paulo and University of Campinas, Brazil.

Dying is not only the process of one person leaving this earth. What they leave behind has to be administered by the ones living, so the legacy of the deceased is safe after their death. The “Letters of Administration” are there for the same cause. Their presence ensures that if a person has died without leaving a will, their property is handed over to the right person. Any person is given the “Letters of Administration” will be allowed to manage the deceased person’s estate. Keep reading to find more about Letters of Administration.

Who Can Apply

A person’s spouse or their closest living relative can apply for the Letters of Administration. However, as the law is lenient regarding who can inherit and manage the deceased person’s “Estate,” almost anyone can apply for the Letters of Administration. But a court will always favor the spouse or living relative of the deceased person. Court also verifies that the person they entrust with the estate is a law-abiding citizen. However, as per the law, no foreigner can apply for the Letters of Administration. You can also find more about letters of administration at State Trustees.

Difference From Probate

Probate is only made when a deceased person named someone in their Will. Probate is an application that the executor files. However, the Letters of Administration are only requested by people when the deceased person has named no one in their Will. The Letters of Administration would give the complete authority to the receiver in the same way if they were named in the Will.

The Meaning Of Intestate

Intestate is the word used to indicate the person who died without writing a Will. This word is also used for those who had written a Will before leaving this world, but their Will doesn’t dictate who will inherit their property. Another use of this word is for a person who died after signing a Will, but their Will doesn’t declare the authority for a specific piece of their property.

If A Will Is Discovered Later

There are various circumstances a Will doesn’t show in front of the court at first. The court decides on granting the estate to a person with the Letters of Administration. But a Will may be found out later, and the court may be notified of it. In such a case, the court will be entitled to revoke its decision to grant the Letters of Administration. They will reallocate the property to the person who the deceased person named in their Will. The person who was given the Letters of Administration will be revoked from access to the property.

The Application Process

Applying for the Letters of Administration is difficult, but conditions can differ from person to person. The first step is thoroughly checking for a Will left by the deceased person. The court can verify that a no Will was found during the search. The next step is publishing a Notice of Intention on the website of the Supreme Court. You can then complete your application and file it to the court after 14 days have passed since you published the Notice of Intention.